Early Literacy Essay

â€Å"Effective Early Years classrooms immerse students in books, visual images, and the spoken word. A literacy-rich environment is important for all students. † (Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth, 2008). Creating literacy-rich environment requires sufficient teaching skills and understanding of literacy processes at early childhood. There are several essential elements which literacy-rich environments should include. 1. Objects in literacy-rich environments are usually labeled in English and other languages which children speak in their family environments. Labeled objects represent a kind of reading / comprehending literacy interface for children, who just start to develop their reading and communicating skills (NCREL, 1999). 2. Literacy-rich environment should include books in all interest areas (RIF, 2008). â€Å"A literacy-rich environment provides students with a wide variety of texts that include oral, print, and other media communication† (Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth, 2008). As long as young children are involved into reading and interacting with books, they will successfully develop their basic literacy skills. 3. Attractive posters are always present in literacy-rich environments (Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth, 2008). Attractive posters contact young children at their eye level, and produce an engaging literacy effect on the student’s conscience. 4. Student-published books create literacy-rich atmosphere in the classroom. â€Å"Teachers need to supplement narrative and expository texts with appropriate types of literacy materials with which students are familiar in their personal lives† (NCREL, 1999). There is nothing better and nothing more familiar and personal, than the books which children themselves create and publish. 5. It is not enough to have books in all interest areas. Children should have an opportunity to snuggle with a book during or between the lessons (RIF, 2008). Library specialists should ensure that children possess sufficient reading space in classroom. Librarians should be actively involved into the process of selecting the appropriate reading material for young students. 6. Reading aloud is another element of the literacy-rich environment (RIF, 2008). Reading aloud to children helps develop a wide range of knowledge about different topics and create a large vocabulary. 7. Literacy-rich environments make reading interactive (RIF, 2008). It is critical that children are involved into the reading process, and are requested to form their thoughts into complete sentences. Reading, comprehension, and communication are the three integral elements of the literacy development among young students. 8. â€Å"Different areas of classroom should be devoted to materials and equipment to encourage writing, viewing, and representing through art and drama, listening to music and to story-tapes† (Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth, 2008). As a result, literacy-rich environments are not limited to reading development strategies. Literacy involves the development of other related skills including writing and observation. This is why audio and visual equipment should be present in the literacy-rich classroom. 9. Technological advancement has also reached schools. Literacy-rich environments in contemporary schools cannot be effective without implementation of the latest computer software. Young children should have an opportunity to learn computer word processing skills (RIF, 2008). 10. Children should be encouraged to read and write. In literacy-rich classrooms, children are constantly involved into various literacy games. For example, children can be asked to sign the drawings or paintings they make in class (RIF, 2008). This approach will create favorable comprehensive environment even for the children who possess weak literacy background. Conclusion To create literacy-rich environment in classroom means to take into account numerous small details, which will promote literacy among young students, and will make learning easy and comprehensible for them. It is critical that teachers closely watch the process of literacy development among children. Literacy-rich environments and experiences â€Å"have a profound effect on children’s literacy development by providing opportunities and encouragement for children to become successful readers† (NCREL, 1999). References Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth. (2008). Creating a literacy-rich environment. Manitoba Education, Citizenship, and Youth. Retrieved April 9, 2008 from http://www. edu. gov. mb. ca/k12/cur/ela/docs/literacy-rich1. html NCREL. (1999). Critical issue: addressing the literacy needs of emergent and early readers. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. Retrieved April 9, 2008 from http://www. ncrel. org/sdrs/areas/issues/content/cntareas/reading/li100. htm RIF. (2008). Fostering early literacy. Reading Is Fundamental. Retrieved April 9, 2008 from http://www. rif. org/educators/advicetips/tip. mspx? View=22

Protestant Reformation: Review Activity

Objective: You are to practice creating essay outlines, the content of which will also assist you in reviewing for the quiz that will take place tomorrow.What you have to do:A. Review the example of a proper essay outline below and the example on the back. B. On separate sheets of paper create your own detailed outline in response to the essay question that follows (use your notes to assist you):1. Compare and contrast the motives, goals, and results of Martin Luther and Henry VIII in the movements that they led against the Roman Catholic Church. *Your outline should be at least two notebook pages in length.Essay Outline FormatI. Introduction A. Introductory sentence B. Thesis statement (can be 1 or more sentences)II. Body Paragraph #1 A. Topic sentence (an overarching introduction to the main point of this paragraph of evidence; it must relate or connect to the thesis) B. Identification of important details/evidenceIII. Body Paragraph #2 A. Topic sentence B. Identification of import ant details/evidenceIV. Body Paragraph #3 A. Topic sentence B. Identification of important details/evidenceV. Conclusion A. 1 or more sentences that summarize the main points of the essay. (It should not be a direct restatement of the thesis.)Essay Outline Example: Middle Ages v. RenaissanceEssay Question: Contrast the political, social, and religious structure of Medieval Europe and Renaissance Europe.I. IntroductionThesis: Medieval Europe differed greatly from Renaissance Europe in the areas of political structure, social norms, and religious influence.II. Political StructureA. Political Differences *Topic Sentence: The Medieval European style of feudalism contrasted greatly with the break from the same feudalistic system by the governing bodies of Renaissance Europe. 1. Medieval Europe was a feudal system.a.Kings. b. Nobles, c. Knights, d. Peasants (serfs) *Each group was dependent on the rest for survival. 2. Renaissance Europe broke away from the feudal system. a. Kings, b.Nobl es, c.Merchants/Middle Class, d. Peasaants *The bottom three groups had more opportunities for advancement.III. Social NormsA. Societal Differences *Topic Sentence: Another area in which Renaissance Europeans parted ways with Medieval Europeans was in social norms. 1.Medieval European life centered around the land and religion. a. Manorialismb. Little trade led to reduction in movement 2. Renaissance European life focused more on the worth and abilities of the individual to seek his or her own destiny. a. Increased trade created a middle class b. Reduced dependency on the landIV. Religious InfluenceA. Differing Roles of Religion *Topic sentence: In addition to political and societal differences, Medieval and Renaissance Europe also separated in their respective focus on religion. 1.Catholic life dominated Medieval Europe.a. Popes were often more powerful than secular rulers. b. Peasants could only find promise of a good life after death (heaven) 2.Renaissance Europe broke away from this focus on Catholicism to begin the inclusion of secular ideas. a. Growth of humanism b. Corruption of Church led to dislike of Church leadership. c. Attaining secular virtue through living a good life, rather than desiring to live a good life to attain spiritual virtue.V. Conclusion Renaissance Europe marked a departure from the norms of rigid political, social, and religious structures evident in Medieval Europe.

Methodologies of christian social ethics

A particular group of people for centuries together practices certain principles which are approved by the group; society or community for generations Is called customs. Character: Our behavior, conduct or repeated practice of habits became a character. According to medical science it is easy to Stealing. Repeated habits lead to character. Even our character or habits form our personality.Society which we came from plays a lead role in forming character and our culture plays a role in formation of our character. 4. 06. 12 Morals: The word morals come from the Latin word â€Å"moss† which means â€Å"way of life† or habits. Ethos means customs or character. In modern world the word moral and ethics have been used interchangeable. Both the terms connotes those duties and responsibilities which persons have with reference to right and wrong conduct or ultimate purpose of life. Ethics talk about what is right and wrong, then duties and responsibilities, and then the command ment.The second point is ultimate purpose of life. Morality is the description of human behavior. Traditionally the word moral was used in descriptive sense. In today's world the word moral is used by restrictive sense. As an adjective: To describe behaviors of persons or people commonly regarded as right, good or appropriate. As a noun: To refer to the norms or principles practiced by a particular group of people regarding right or wrong conduct. In order to revive sound moral Judgment, we need to have two main things; 1 Vigorous pursuit of relevant information, (Work hard to get information) 2.More complete data to illuminate the nature of the problem Ethics: Ethics is a Praxis oriented or reflective reflection on morality in order to give sound moral Judgment. Morals is a descriptive or to describe human behavior or conduct. While ethics reflect on morality, morality describes the behavior of a person. 19. 6. 12 Mackenzie (1860 – 1935) A 19th century philosopher defines et hics as a study of what is right or good in human conduct or the science of the ideal involvement in human life Staunch Sinai says † Ethics is a normative science which is systematic knowledge†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ T is a science in so far as it depends upon the observation, classification and explanation off human conduct with reference to an ideal†. It is an ideal consist of view set by what is right or wrong. Conclusion: Ethics evaluates he voluntary action and habitual actions of persons and considers their rightness and wrongness. Ethics is a systematic study of human conduct, individual as well as cooperate. It is concerned with determining what conduct is right or wrong, good or bad, fitting and non-flitting. Christian Ethics Ethics plus Bible is known as Christian ethics.Sources of Christian ethics are 1) Bible and 2) cultural norms and traditions. Some scholars say that we can learn from other religions also. Bible: The study of ethics based on bible is known as Christi an ethics. Ethics is a critical reflection on morality basing on the word of god. To understand oral Judgment first source available for Christians is bible. Other sources for dong Christina ethics is Bible normative. Cultural Norms: Traditional moral principles say that we can learn from other traditions or other cultural norms. Our experience is also a source of Christian ethics.If Bible is not there, there is no Christian ethics. Definitions on Christian Ethics Signal Paul: According to Signal Paul â€Å"Christian ethics is a critical reflection on human conduct or the issue and the problem that we face in our society basing on definition Critical analysis of Christian ethics is based on a) data and b) teaching of he bible Adams: According to Adams â€Å"reflection on human conduct ? .. Aim to achieve clarity and consistency with respect to the ground and goal, the motives and the norms, the means and consequences of right action conceived as the response to and the working of the grace of the God. 20. 06. 2012 Hunter P Mammary: â€Å"The living reality of God as understood through Christ and Judo- Christian tradition – is the distinctive component in serious reflection on human moral conduct†. James M. Gustafson defines Christian ethics as â€Å"ethic must be Christian and is Christian in a universally applicable sense because it is in Christ that al things are created and he is the Lord of all things. This definition Justifies the first one. Ethic must be Christian because the community is called to absolute obedience to Jesus Christ as Lord.Conclusion: Christian ethics is a listing kind of discipline and it is also different from other fields of studies. Also Christian ethics help to study the social sciences. Christian means the help of other social sciences we are to see the relation of Christian ethics with other social sciences. Psychology helps us in order to understand human behavior. Social analysis is sociology which is more crit ical and racial. Social analysis helps to understand the origin and development in society. Sociology will help us to understand Biblical history and structure of the society.Sociology and history of Christianity will help us to understand issues, development context of O T and N T and changes in many Christian traditions. Theology helps us to see and analyze Church. History of Christianity helps theology. It becomes abnormal for us to look back our church tradition, when it comes to serious conflict. Study of theology helps to know how theology was originating and developing. It helps us to listen to our issues. Biblical Studies: The Most important help we get in terms of Christianity is from biblical studies. We deal with origin, purpose, occasion, date and development in biblical studies.Most importantly we do interpretation I. E. Hermeneutics. In short hermeneutic means interpreting origin and development of text. The theological background from where we came is matter while int erpreting Bible. We believe Holy Spirit is one person who interprets Bible to us. Holy Spirit manifest to us in different ways where we may have topography experience. Most times our theology will affect our Biblical Hermeneutics. 21 . 06. 12 Conclusion: To conclude the purpose of Christian ethics it is not that we discover perfect solution. Christian ethic has to do with Christian morality and values.Christian Ethics teach us about singular relationship between God and Man 22. 06. 12 MODES OF ETHICAL DISCOURSE: A. Deontological Ethics, The word demonology derives from the Greek word â€Å"Eden† means â€Å"necessary or imperative†. It is also known as traditional ethics or classical ethics. Deontological Ethics is imperative absolute and obligatory, independent of their ends and consequences. Most of the deontological will say that some of our actions are consequences or results. When important is given to means it does not bother about ends. If Bible says do not stea l we should not.Many deontological will say that this ethics concentrate on means not consequences. Different types of Deontological Ethics. 1. Rights According to Robin Gill â€Å"rights† is a more recent example of deontological ethics. He gives the example of right to live, right of the women to choose. The best known contemporary defender of deontological approach to rights is by Ronald Deerskin. He argues that rights should not be over ridden by consideration of social well-being. 2. Legalism or Absolutism Legalism is a law. This is one of the most widespread models of deontological ethics.Deontological attempts to state what kinds of acts are either require or forbidden. They claim that by the very nature of things certain kinds of acts are always obligatory. It requires a person to apply a rule or code which has already been formulated. 3. Rule Ethics Rule Ethics points to an already existing authority – Truth Reentered-. Deontological ethics are also presented as rule ethics which is considered as the answer of tradition. The answer of the ethical tradition or of rule ethics points the questionnaire to an orderly existing authority.Though Reentered talks about the rule ethics, his concern is more of an ethical tradition which implies a separate speculative world or situation ethics. 4. The Divine Command Theory The divine command theory is also known as theological voluntarism which holds that the standard of right and wrong is the will or love of God. Proponents of this view believe that right and wrong – is that commanded and forbidden by God. 5. Obedient Love. This is one of the most important types in Deontological Ethics propounded by Paul Ramsey. According to Paul Ramsey the central ethical notion on category in Christian ethics is obedient love.This is the sword of love the gospel describes as love fulfilling the law and Paul designates as faith that works through love. Ramsey defines it as â€Å"faith that works though lov e†. 6. Categorical Imperative. Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804) stressed on Categorical imperative. The most important theory of Deontological ethics is Categorical imperative of Emmanuel Kant. His book is Critic of Practical reason. In Kantian theological theory, an action is Justified by showing what it is right not by showing that the consequences of acts are good.According to Emmanuel Kant each individual is rational and is able to reason and arrived at the right decision regarding his or her own actions. Reasons according to Emmanuel Kant transcend all groups, cultures, societies and dialects and a set of rational principles which are to be obeyed by all. Emmanuel Kant tries to establish the ultimate basis for the validity of moral rules – is pure reason, not in intuition or conscience. In his view a moral principle gains universal applicability when that principle cannot be rationally rejected.So the ultimate basis of morality rests on principle of reason which all ratio nal creatures possess. 25. 6. 12 The Critique of Pure reason of Emmanuel Kant (1781) He talks about reason. Religion could be established on the basis of practical reason. About obligation. Deontological are not concerned with end results. Traditional Christians follows deontological ethics. They take moral principles without seeing consequences. They Just said don't do or do with absolute attitudes. Emmanuel Kant says do your duty though the heavens may fall.The deontological are of the view that â€Å"the end does not always Justify the means† Cant's Theory on Categorical imperatives or Three important Principles of Kant Cant's theory on Categorical imperatives includes: 1 . Autonomy (self-governs) Here we have freedom to choose. It talks about autonomous will of a person. Emmanuel Kant bases his entire moral system on the affirmation that every rational being exist as an end in himself not merely as a means, according to binding moral rules valid for everyone – for arbitrary use by these or that will happen when a person behaves according to binding moral rules valid for everyone.He considers that a person has an autonomous will. Hence the principle autonomy is never choosing except in such a way that in the same volition the maxims of your choice are also present as universal laws. This means that it should be within the principles of universal laws) Therefore a person's autonomy consists in his ability to direct himself/ herself according to these moral maxims. 2. The Goodwill What make an action right or wrong are not the consequences of the act, but rather the principle guiding the act.He spoke of the will as something that is within our conscious control as opposed to a wish that is not within our conscious control. In other words he states that the good will is not because it achieves good results. Even if it were unable to obtain the ends it would still be good in itself and have a higher worth than the superficial things gained by immo ral actions. 6. 6. 12 3. Duty and Moral Laws: Emmanuel Kant explains the relationship between goodwill and duty. A good will is one which acts for the sake of duty. Human actions have moral worth only if they are performed from duty.Actions that result from inclinations or self-interest maybe praise worthy if they happened, for whatever reason to accord with duty, but they are not moral. According to Kant the dutiful person takes the maxim of helping others to express or embody a requirement, Just as Law does. What we understand from Cant's categorical imperative is that the categorical imperatives should tell us that our axiom themselves must be laws which is universal being the characteristics of laws. It tells us to act on those principles which are laws. Therefore, Kant argues for the importance of action from duty.The only thing good without qualification is goodwill and a person acquires both good will and moral worth by acting from duty. Therefore one's duty is to act in acco rdance with objective moral values and laws and such laws are categorical. The teaching of deontological ethics is if some moral principles are laid down we are to follow it. It is the teaching of deontological ethics. All the laws amended in the Bible are to be followed by the Christina s whether we like it or not. Summary CNN: You need to critique deontological ethic. Can we apply deontological ethics of the bible all the times?Is all the Bible commandments are applicable for all in relation to Indian context? 28-6-12 Teleological ethics comes into being because some found deontological ethics not gives any freedom. Ideologists say that in all aspects teleological ethics involved. It comes into been on process to an end or goal. We do right today in order to achieve a high good in the future. An action should not be done for the sake of Jesus only. Ideologists say all circumstances will not work. It focuses on ends and goals. There is no choice but absolute obligation. We cannot l ive in the world of dos and don't. We should live on aspirations for the future.The right action which we do today will lead us to future. Our action should have goal purpose. Teleology comes from Greek word tells means â€Å"end† â€Å"purpose† or â€Å"goal†. Teleology ethics is for ends and goals so that moral decision making are to be Judged in the light of an end or goal. The ideologists look at the consequences of actions rather than to any intrinsic goodness or badness n action. In other words it is ethics of aspirations good or ends also referred to as consequential ethics. This approach is concerned with questions regarding the highest good or final goals of life toward which persons should aspire.Most prominent deontological are Jeremy Beneath, John Stuart Mill and Judger N Molten and Earaches Bausch. Different approach or Theories on Teleological Ethics 1. Quantitative utilitarianism It simply means greater happiness or number. All the philosophers wh o talk about quantitative utilitarianism are indebted to Jeremy Beneath (1784 – 1818). An action s right when there is absence of pain. If we talk about happiness it has to be with greatest number. The idea of the greater happiness of human kind as the end of morality was placed in a secular framework by Jeremy Beneath.Jeremy Beneath believes that man always sticks to his own pleasure. He agreed with Epicures that the ethical or the right is that which produces the most pleasure. Though there are similarities, Beneath however developed his theory farther than Epicures. Epicures mainly talks about one's own pleasure but Beneath along with pleasure on individual talks about the pleasure of the community. In other word, Beneath states that right action is always the promotion not simply of one's own pleasure but of the community of all persons. 2. Scatological Ethics It is either of the end or the ethics of the future.Scatological ethics means ethics of good at end. Within Chris tian tradition certain ideas about the ultimate good or the final end of history and how one is to relate to this end has been a dominant motive in several strands/ types of ethical thoughts. Models built on this theme emphasize the sovereignty of God and the expected establishment of God's righteousness in all hinges, but deviate regarding whether the sovereignty of God is future or present, individual or societal a future condition for which one must wait for a condition of righteousness within history for which one must labor. L.Other worldly model It talks about future happiness in heaven even thought if we suffer at the present world. In other words it is the behavior that the ultimate purpose of our life is in the heavenly kingdom, not in the world. Its main concern is future world of happiness. Followers of this approach believe that true life exist only in heaven, a world beyond this present life. Consequently, for them life in this world is viewed as a testing ground. It em phasis the cultivation of certain qualities of the spirit which they believe the conservative believes in this understanding of true life that will come beyond death.It explains the cultivation of certain spiritual qualities in anticipation of life beyond death. 3. 7. 12 ii Kingdom of God This model gained prominence during the early part of the nineteenth century and it is associated with the social gospel movement by author Walter Reaches Bausch. The followers of this theory believe in the proper norms and principles for how to live in the society. This model talks about the present world. It is actually talking about Christianization of social order. This model is rooted in the belief that the proper norm regarding how society should be organized and arranged by the kingdom of God concept.The followers of this model claim that an understanding of Kingdom of God provides both a version of good society and authority which enables the followers to work for grater approximation of ki ngdom within history. They understand that the Kingdom of God is nothing less than â€Å"humanity organized† accord not the will of the God. Therefore a according to the Kingdom of God model the hive task of Christians and churches is to labor for the Christianization of the social order. It regards individualistic salvation as totality inadequate for dealing with the problem of evil, which has become institutionalized in the structure of the society.Sin is seen not merely as the corruption of the individual will but of the institution. Iii) Liberation Model Liberation model which has come to existence in recent years, especially in third world has its root historically in the struggle of oppressed people to be freed from dependence and exploitation. It has the scatological hope for freedom and liberation. It takes the biblical image of the Christ as the liberator and conceives liberation as both spiritual in terms of after life and takes the historical and the temporal as th e arena where Christians must struggle for liberation.It is for a radical break within unjust social order and realizations of salvation as qualitative and not merely a quantitative dimension of life. This model provides a strong motive and power to the struggle of the oppressed. 3. Qualitative Utilitarianism Though Beneath formulated the universalistic pleasure theory, later universalistic and utilitarianism found this theory failing to meet certain difficulties. One of the foremost proponents of the qualitative latter utilitarianism was John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873), whose father was a friend and follower of J Beneath.John Stuart Mill almost agreed with Beneath concerning the central formula of Utilitarianism. But the major difference is that Beneath took quantitative approach to happiness whereas Mill argues that the quality of the happiness should be our primary concern. According to John S Mill the quality of happiness should be the major concern in our ethics of discou rses. Social points how John S Mill explains his theory; 04. 07. 12 I) Empiricism It talks about experience from field research. Mill is from classical theory. He talks about experience as source of all ideas. When he talks about empiricism, he talks about inductive approach.Inductive means particular to general and deductive is general to particular. A study begins with particular to general. It needs a field study. He says experience should lead to general uniformity about the right action. ‘I) On Mill would talk about the freedom of an individual. Complete liberty should be given to individual provided that their action should not cause any harm to anyone. He also tastes that there is a relationship between ethics, individual freedom and democracy. In other words Mill says that we are cultural moral beings only when we act for the benefit of the whole humanity.For that kind of act compulsion should not be there and should be out from free will. C. Contextual Ethics l. Conte xtual ethics of Paul Lehman Contextual ethicists say that they are not comfortable with the approach of deontological and teleological approach. They say we need to look at the circumstances of moral action. Contextual ethicists say that deontological ethics will not be appropriate in different contexts. Contextual ethics talks about moral judgment of an action should be fitting to the context. The place of context or circumstances of moral action is important in relation to moral Principles and rules.Roman Catholics use the word moral theology whereas contextual theology is applicable and popular among Protestants. Contextual ethicists emphasize the moral context as most critical element in the determination. In other words it stresses the importance of concrete setting of human behavior. There are many contextual ethics from western context and Indian context. Contextual ethicists look at the circumstances of the moral action. For e. G. , observing Sabbath strictly. Contextual eth ics is very popular among the Christian tradition. Article: â€Å"contextual ethics† found in the Dictionary of the Christian ethics deeds.Manchuria. Among contextual ethics Paul Lehman is one of the contemporary theologian and philosopher. He is one of the most important proponents of contextual ethics. In Paul Lineman's contextual ethics the focus is shifted from larger goals to actual context. When we look at Paul Lineman's ethics in Christian context, he provides an articulation of his change in focus and actually applying the contemporary context. He is actually speaking the anthropometry focus where all norms are challenged. Traditions are losing its ground in the midst of that we see the emergence of different possibilities for human life. 9. 07. 12 Kayoing Ethics At this point he talks about contextual ethics which is known as kayoing ethics and also known as community ethics. In the kayoing ethics, he insists upon the importance of context in which Ethical insights a nd practices are nourished or how moral developments take place. Secondly, Canonic ethics is concerned with relations and functions in the society and Thirdly for Lehman, Okinawa ethics is oaken as a starting point for ethical reflection. In other words contextual critique is contextual ethics of absolution.An action should be speaking to the context According to the Paul Lehman kayoing ethics is introduced by Jesus Christ himself. In the Okinawa ethics, Christian ethics is starting point of all ethics. Contextual ethics is critique of all ethics. Kayoing ethics is concerned with relation and functions in community not only on Christian principles. The ethical question in the kayoing ethics is not what ought I do but â€Å"what am I to do†? Ought to factor to cannot be ethical realty. The primarily ethical realty is the human factor, the human indicative in every situation involving the interrelationship and the decisions of man.The humans are the indicators of what is happen ing. In the kayoing ethics Paul Lehman clearly sees God's activity in the world and he says that God is acting in the world to keep human life and that through the participation in the kayoing. Human life can be called human when they participate in the community. Community with only human life can be called humbugging. His kayoing ethics is a humbugging ethics which enables people to grow in the Christian maturity and be agents of the immunization in the world. Therefore its aim is consistency between these factors within specific context rather than uniformity of acts in all contexts.In summary it is sensitivity to human ethics. Summary So far we have seen three model of ethics; Deontological ethics, Teleological ethics, Contextual ethics. Contextual ethics is divided into three; Contextual Situation Responsibility- Relationally Ethics Paul Lehman Joseph Fletcher Richard Nibbler II. Situation ethics It became popular in 1960 through the effort of Joseph Fletcher. Through his book situation ethics, he developed this approach at the background of Paul Lineman's antenatal ethics with some dissatisfaction. He says Lehman looks at contextual ethics in liberal term and looks at particular situation not general context.According to Joseph Fletcher an action should be fitting to the situation or circumstances. The situations rejects the idea that there are timeless rules which are never to be violated and the idea that there is a group which is objectively given in the nature of things. In other words the situations takes seriously the concrete character of moral life and holds that human conduct is to be evaluated in relation to specific situation rather than universally binding laws. The situations recognizes the love commandment as the only absolute moral principle and examines each situation carefully to determine what love requires then and there. 0. 7. 12 Situation etches of Joseph Fletcher In this approach he is not doing with all the demonology ethics. The p rinciple, Joseph Fletcher talks about is Love, the obedient love. He says that there is only one universal principle that is love which enables us to take right decisions. He says that agape love is the summary commandment, to love God and the neighbor. To him situation ethics is not a system or a program of living according to principle, but it is n effort to relate love to a world of relativities through obedient love. According to him the only one law or principle that is binding is Love.The principle which is always good and right is Love. He says situation ethics is not a system or a program of living according to principle. His effort was to relate love to a world of relativities through obedient love. Ethics of obedience of commandment is love. His six propositions of theory of situation ethics agape love or obedient love 1. Love one thing only is always good: The first preposition â€Å"only one thing is principally good, namely love nothing else at all†. By this stat ement he means that Love is a principle a formal principle expressing what type of real actions.Christians alone is always good and right in every situation. It is the only universal principle, because whatever is loves in any particular situation is good. Joseph Fletcher quotes Richard Nibbler â€Å"God nowhere commands love for its own sake because love is for the sake of people and it is not good in itself†. 2. Love is the only norm or love is the only principle: â€Å"The ruling norm of Christian decisions is â€Å"love† nothing else†. He explains that situation ethics reduces the law from a legal system of rules to the love anon alone. He gives the example of Jesus and Paul replaces the principle of Torah with the living principle of agape 3.Love and Justice are the same for Justice. For justice Love is distributed nothing else. In other words Fletcher says that Love does not only care but is careful. He also says that it is diligent in serving the neighbor . He also says that prudence and love are not Just partners but they are one and same. Love is to seek neighbor's welfare and Justice is being fair as between neighbors. From here we understand that Justice is Christian love using reasons by calculating TTS duties, obligations, opportunities, resources and Justice is also love coping with situations. 4.Love is not liking. â€Å"Love wills the neighbor's good whether we like him or not†. According to Fletcher Love is discerning and critical but not sentimental. In other words in the situation ethics the neighbor is anybody. It is an ethics in which justice is impartial an inclusive. Justice and love is one and the same thing. Justice is as personal as love and love is as social as Justice. Therefore agape seeks the good of anybody and everybody because it seeks the will of neighbor's good whether we like IM or not. 5 Love Justifies means: Only the end Justifies the means nothing else.According to Joseph Fletcher unless some pu rpose or end in view to Justify any action, we take it is literally meaningless. Every action without exception is haphazard (Incomplete), if it is without an end to serve and ends in turn needs means. 11. 7. 12 6 Love decides then and there: This proposition, love decisions are made situational not prescriptively. According to Fletcher for real decision making freedom is required which is an open ended approach to situation. Close ended approach did not have NY option. Therefore situation ethicists always suspect prescriptive laws.They say that according to the love, decisions are made situational not prescriptively. In other words the decision making is always depends on the case is question. Situation ethics are critical about principles of deontological ethics especially about their laws. Ill. Relationally – Responsibility Ethics 13. 07. 12 Responsibility means what we ought to do. When given a responsibility we are accountable. How responsibility relationally model of et hics came in to being or how it came as a median? It involves two notions. They are; 1 .Accountability, Obligation and 2. How we are accountable to God. Hunter P Mamba coined it what Richard Nibbler have already said. According to Mamba, here comes a median that will bridge two extremes. One extreme talk about duties that talk about deontological model of ethics and other extreme is the end. Accountability looks back to some deed done and obligation looks forward to moral demands that need to be met in relationships. Responsibility therefore has to do with relationships, deeds and accountability is being answerable for ones' action or

What HR Managers Must Know about Employee Sabotage Dissertation

What HR Managers Must Know about Employee Sabotage - Dissertation Example Attribution theory attaches two types of explanation for things that happened in the above-explained paragraph, i.e. it gives two kinds of explanation: External Attribution and Internal Attribution. Thus the question naturally arises that by knowing the kinds of attribution that people make or subordinates make, in this case, can managers control their behavior? When internal attribution is enforced or rather induced with care it is indeed easy to implement. It happens because when people make an internal attribution for their actions, they also change their attitudes and beliefs about themselves. Thus, the desired behavior follows naturally. What about the use of external attributions? Through rewards and punishments, the actions only follow as long as the reward or punishment matters to the subject. The reward or punishment prevents people from making an internal attribution and thus acquires not an internally motivated habit to produce the desired behavior. Instead, they expect so me external agent to cause their actions.3.0 Perception and Managers Subordinates may feel uncomfortable about the supervisors’ possession of higher power (to make them conform to his views) and most of the time their perspectives are thus more distorted under a sense of oppression. This may reduce right understanding of managers perspective, which is seen as threatening and thus subordinates try not to think in his/her way so as not to be engulfed or â€Å"change† into a person who can be manipulated according to the managers' wishes. Hence, by maintaining a somewhat resistant perspective they feel less overpowered and freer. However, managers may take this stance of positively using their power for effective decision-making, which constitutes rationality of decision, acceptance of the decision by the subordinate and effective time given to make the decision. Positive power held by a manager may also stimulate interest among his/her subordinates to view the organizational work from a newer perspective. Even if that work objective does not coincide with the manager, but may contain the greater interest of the firm or organization, thereby generating greater awareness of the mission.

American Revoloutinary Way in New Jersey and how New Jersey's Research Paper

American Revoloutinary Way in New Jersey and how New Jersey's Geographic Location play a huge role in the war - Research Paper Example New Jersey also called the crossroads of the American Revolution for it is located at the central position of the new nation and acted as the military capital. However, it was not all of the people of the New Jersey who vividly advocated foe independence. The British was joined by African slaves who were promised freedom, for example, colonel Tye who was a slave after escaping and joining the British army which lead to regular raids against the people of New Jersey. During this time of American Revolution, the New Jersey community was made up of extremely diverse cultural groups of who were not equally distributed over the colony’s land surface. These social groups were difficult for the British to unite them, since every social group occupied different and distinct area. Additionally, the culture defined the way of life which affected the people activities and also the landscapes made by man that can be identified by means of their traits and characteristics complexes this ma de completely governing the colony very difficult for the British since every group had a different form of dwelling preferred by various groups in New Jersey this made New Jersey difficult to unite it war since it would cripple the British in the Americans economy hence an able to support the fight (Fischer, pp 45 262). New Jersey also was an important area which was used to disrupt British supply units. George Washington used forts on the Delaware River where he could mount an attack British supply troop as they sailed to Philadelphia. It was organized that men in whale boats crossed the Hudson and then raided New York city and long island and then captured the shipping that were to be taken to sandy hook where they used New Yolk harbor as the staging area. Additionally, ships that were located at Southern Jersey port raided British ships at the entrance point. Jersey also provided iron products for

Family Therapy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family Therapy - Research Paper Example In addition, individual personality traits influence the way members of a social unit interact and relate with one another. As a result of these variables, social scientists acknowledge the fact that family units possess unique characteristics, which influence behavioral conduct and affect family members. With respect to the acknowledgement, psychiatrists and family therapists usually prefer handling family problems in a customized manner. Carr (2012) says that this will ensure objective identification and evaluation of an issue based on social and psychological make-up of involved family members. Nature of the Program This essay involves evaluation of a family therapy program meant to address the issue of Eating Disorder among juveniles, especially teenagers. Eating Disorder is one of the least attended problems affecting school going children in American societies. The problem starts when a teenager feels uncomfortable with his or her increase in body weight. As a result, a juvenil e reverts to negative eating habits, which may include eating less food or even forcefully vomiting after a meal. In the long run, a teenager may develop psychological problems associated with disturbance in eating behavior. According to Heller (2007), teens with eating disorder, especially girls, usually regard their body weight as the main assert for evaluating self worth. As a result, they may decide to take voluminous meals and vomit or take laxative drugs to counteract the caloric effect of the meal. In most family units, teenagers undergo these problems in secret for fear of criticism and victimization by their parents. Physical symptoms of the disorder may include depressive moods, disappearing during or after meals and frequent use of diuretics and laxatives, among others. Therefore, this problem among teenagers calls for intervention using an appropriate family therapy program. How the Program Works In this context, the Eating Disorder therapy program seeks to facilitate un derstanding of the problem among members of a family unit. Mitchell and Grilo (2012) says that the program will provide an avenue through which parents or guarding, siblings and the victim juveniles can acknowledge the causes and effects of the disorder. Upon informed acknowledgement, the therapy will extrapolate on the appropriate courses of actions that will provide short and long term achievements. The program takes into considerations the social and psychological traits of parents and other members of the society. In this case, a therapist can understand why a juvenile avoids detection of the disorder by his or her parents. According to Mitchell and Grilo (2012), common reasons for the secretive behavior may include strict parenting patterns in the family, especially autocratic style of parenting. In the process, parents will acknowledge the need of loosening their grip on strict family values and adjusting towards accommodating problems faced by their children. In addition, juv eniles will learn the benefits of being open with their caregivers. The program usually involves weekly visits to therapy sessions held either at home or in psychiatric clinics. The entire program runs for approximately six months, with exceptions of being terminated early depending on the juveniles’ response to treatment. Mitchell and Gr

BHS 400 STRESS MANAGEMENT (Module 4-SLP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BHS 400 STRESS MANAGEMENT (Module 4-SLP) - Essay Example This article emphasizes the importance of stress management program to help students maintain comfortable and productive levels of daily stress. It explains Stress Relief Packs, Web-based Relaxation Exercises, Stress Management Peers, Educational Materials, Outreach Programs etc for stress management This article explains the importance of life style, fun and relaxation in stress management strategies. In some cases the best way to cope with stress is to accept things as they are, the article suggests. The article argues that if you can’t change the stressor, change yourself in order to tackle stress effectively. This article defines stress, explains the cause of stress and also possible precautions and treatment to stay away from stress. The author argues that excess usage of Caffeine, lack of Exercise, Relaxation/Meditation, Sleep, Time-outs and Leisure, Realistic Expectations etc are the main causes of stress. The author believes that learning of how to turn off the alarm system through various relaxation methods and how to not turn it on inadvertently in the first place can relieve stress immensely. This article explains Deep breathing, Muscular relaxation, and Visualization techniques to reduce stress. This article explains the assessment of stress, and also stress management program for an individual. Reduction of negative thoughts, Planning of some fun Refocus the negative into the positive Take a break, Think positively etc can be useful in managing stress as per this

Problems a Writer Might Face in Conducting Research on Cockney Dialect Essay

Problems a Writer Might Face in Conducting Research on Cockney Dialect of London using Questionnaires - Essay Example As a result of research it was suggested that creating works on linguistics presents an unusual challenge, as it requires one-to-one interactions with the community under study. A second challenge comes in the nature of quantifying some data element, which exhibit more qualitative elements that quantitative elements. Therefore, writers find the use of research methods indispensable when undertaking any writing project. The use of statistical methods to conduct research helps in making the final work a reliable and accurate account on the subject area the writing undertaking covers. In linguistic research, the writing must reflect factual accuracy to the highest possible level. For instance, in the research of the Cockney dialect in London, an efficient method is necessary to unveil the overriding elements of the special linguistic elements of London residents. The study of linguistics requires qualitative research methods rather than quantitative methods. Consequently, the use of qua litative research methods is of primary importance. With the use of questionnaires, qualitative data is collectable on unique subjects that present special challenges to other forms of research methodologies. Questionnaire research is a proven and reliable method in social research of this nature, and is the method this essay explores in trying to decipher possible problems the method might present to a writer doing research on Cockney in London. Introduction Questionnaires are some of the most hardy research tools in use for collection of information from respondents. Principally a questionnaire consists of a number of questions, which probe the chosen sources of information for a final and comprehensive analysis. The questionnaire is a Sir Francis Galton’s invention (Mellenbergh, 212). Cockney is a unique accent of the English language common in residents of East London. Many analysts argue that the term Cockney bears both geographical and linguistic implications. This stud y emphasizes on Cockney in its linguistic identity (the English spoken by residents of the geographical region of East London). Cockney as a cultural and linguistic identity articulates a long and rich history. In addition, the subject arouses controversies and debates as to its authenticity. Over time, the definition of who constitutes a Cockney resident and who does not is now debatable. Consequently, numerous researches with the sole purpose to unravel the mystery surrounding the ancient and yet still vivid etymological group are available. Using questionnaires in data collection, this report seeks to identify some of the possible problems that a researcher might face in the course of conducting research on the Cockney language among East Londoners. Designing a Questionnaire The intimate understanding as to the nature of the research subject underlies the secret to formulating an effective questionnaire. The design of the questions in the questionnaires varies according to the pa rameters under measurement (University Sheffield, 1). For instance, some questionnaires measure separate variables, for example personal preferences, social behaviors or factual realities. Other kinds of questionnaires measure scale or index in a topical area of study, for instance observable traits, social attitudes, or indices on social issues and categories. For questionnaires to deliver optimum results, their design, and flow of the questions must exhibit a logical flow and a seamless interconnectedness. For closed-ended questions, it is imperative to ensure that the answers are exhaustive and unambiguous. Types of Questionnaires There are four types of questionnaires: structured non-disguised questionnaire, structured disguised questionnaire, non-structured non-disguised questionnaires, and non-structured disguised questionnaires (University Sheffield, 1). In non-disguised questionnaires, the respondent knows beforehand the purpose of the study, unlike

Investment Analysis Coursework 2001 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Investment Analysis Coursework 2001 - Essay Example ‘Herd’ implies a social grouping of people, who have similar understanding or perception about anything. Here ‘herd’ implies the people, who have the same viewpoint within the stock market. The above statement briefs that market movements are dependent on individuals. If a person buys a particular stock and he is a popular figure in the community and society, then every individual intends to purchase this stock and this is simply because the first person has bought it, not because of the market value of the stock. â€Å"Perhaps 100 people were simply imitating the coin flipping call of some terribly persuasive personality† (Buffett n.d. p. 4). The ‘margin of safety’ principle implies that safety should be ensured while buying stocks. Walter has justified that while dealing in the stock market, it should always be remembered that it is other people’s money which is being handled. Therefore it reinforces the ethics to strongly avert losses while dealing in stocks. It should always be remembered that money is real and therefore should be handled appropriately. If the net worth of a business is $1 and it can be obtained at 40 cents, then it aims to generate profit. In the stock markets risks and rewards are correlated because as the stock grows riskier, more are the returns from this stock. Even though a high risk stock would be able to generate more returns, yet a risky stock can also generate less or nil returns because the stock’s performance is dependent upon its market performance, which is guarded by several principles. Rational pricing is very important in the stock market, as this pricing is needed for fixed income securities and bonds. Rational pricing implies such a type of pricing, which represents that the market price of the assets in the stock market is free of any arbitrage pricing. Eugene Fama has been propounded as the father of the theory of ‘efficient market hypothesis’. Fam a stated two theories related to the efficient market hypothesis. The first theory was classifying the markets on the basis of three types of efficiency. Fama classified three forms of efficiency which are as follows: Strong form efficiency Semi strong form efficiency Weak form efficiency The strong form efficiency implies that all information related to the firm is incorporated in the price of the stock of the firm. The strong form tests are concerned with whether investors or investor groups have monopolistic access in determining the price of a stock. The semi strong form tests imply the prices are adjusted according to the information available about the firm in their announcements to the public, such as announcements of annual earnings, the stock splits etc. that the firm has witnessed. The weak form efficiency is such a test, where only the historical prices of stocks have been displayed to the public and no other details about the firm is divulged. Fama describes the market e fficiency hypothesis to be very simple, which simply points out that the market price of a stock represents all the vital information about the firm. The second concept, which Fama stated with respect to the efficient market hypothesis, was the concept of market efficiency, which can be rejected only with a rejection of the

Role of women in Christian Leadership Assignment

Role of women in Christian Leadership - Assignment Example Some of these arguments are against women leadership in churches while others seek to justify the need to have women leaders in church. All quarters seek to justify their stand on the issue using the Bible as their basis (Scott, 2002, p. 27). In 1Timothy 2:12, Paul says he does not permit women to have authority over men in the church. He also bars them from teaching. According to him, a woman is to be submissive and silent. He goes further to quote the Genesis creation story and states that God created man first before the woman. He goes further to say that, it was Eve that first fell to temptation and not Adam. This may have formed the basis for his argument against women leadership in the early church. Going backwards, we see Paul stating the appropriate dress code for women as he sees it fit (1Timothy 2:9). This brings out yet another possible reason for Paul’s stand. He may have noted the danger in how women dressed in church and that is why he emphasized on how they were to dress. He possibly saw that in their quest to look good, women might end up overdoing it to the extent that it affects their ministry in the church. It may also form ground for competition among them thus causing them to deviate from their main roles of leadership. Such competition could be harmful to the church as it could escalate and cause division as they try to outdo each other. Yet another fear could be the possibility of women ignoring their ethical responsibilities as they engage more and more in leadership. This could be harmful to their family lives, as they could possibly want to carry their authority back into their homes, which would be against their traditional Laws where the man was the head of the family. We could also possibly say that Paul was referring to women in the past that had been in influential positions but were evil or deceiving. Women such as Jezebel (II Kings 9:10) and Delilah (Judges 16) may have contributed to the notion that given a chance, women could become evil and cause the downfall of man, which could translate to the fall of the church. Great men such as Samson, David, Solomon and even Adam all seem to have fallen or made wrong choices due to women. If Paul was drawing his conclusions from such events involving women, the he had some ground to argue for barring women from leading in the church. In the book of Corinthians, Paul reminds the church what the laws say about women and how they should not speak in front of the congregation. Any woman who had anything to ask was to ask her husband at home and not in the church. The laws considered it a disgrace for a woman to speak in church (1Corinthians 14:34-35). Paul was possibly insisting on this to ensure that there was order within the church. Paul’s letters to Timothy and The Corinthians came at a time when there were quarrels within the church. The letters served to reaffirm the laws to bring about order. In 1Timothy, People who have little understanding of th e laws and scriptures tend to be challenging Timothy’s authority within the church. These seem to be preaching erroneously to the people. Among these are probably women who interpret the scriptures in their own ways to justify their participation in leadership in the church. Paul seeks to help Timothy subdue feministic tendencies that may be cropping up in the Church. He writes to reaffirm Timothy’s authority in the church. Although Paul’s words come out strongly against women leadership, he does not discourage women participation in the work of evangelization. This is through women such as Priscilla who

Lenovo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lenovo - Assignment Example Consisting of the synergy of companies, the synergy of allocation canal, the synergy of the variety as well as management plus the synergy of price saving. The culture divergence; the disparity among the two countries might oblige the former staffs of IBM to depart from Lenovo. Such that Lenovo ought to respect the independence of abroad R&D centers. Numerous practices general in other authority is controlled in China. The Regulations stiffen regulatory necessities with deference to foreign attainment activities. The consequence will be to slim, rather than enlarge, the chances for foreign scheme capital. All these regulations are put for the safety and constancy of Chinese wealth, plus a means to keep the party’s organized over the financial system. Lenovo ought to intensify its internationalize attainment. Since Lenovo's achievement is accredited to its long-term centering on emerging sales plus successful abroad M&As, it ought to run a high-quality business of the businesse s it merged. Lenovo must place itself for the international market. Placing is at all times the critical subject that the Chinese corporations ignore, as well as it is the cause why Chinese corporation can barely last long. In conclusion, Lenovo should trim down their pricing plan. The worth of the produce is a significant factor to put into consideration; Lenovo is not able to make low-price policies to endure in the international market. Lenovo ought to rather be concerned as regards to the order of their target clients.

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay â€Å"I believe that imagination is stronger than knowledge myth is more potent than history dreams are more powerful than facts hope always triumphs over experience laughter is the cure for grief life is stronger than death. † If you ask me to describe myself I would say that I am pleasant, diverse, and active man. I think one of my most distinguishing characteristics is the diversity of experiences I possess. I am an engineering graduate with a flair for management. I also have a passion for traveling and exploring different cultures of the world. All these elements have helped me develop a very broad outlook, with varying degrees of knowledge in a range of topics. As a freshman at the undergraduate level, I chose my major in Electrical Electronics Engineering to ensure a sound technological base. It was in my third year of graduation in Engineering that I was able to touch upon subject like Industrial and Organizational Management, which stimulated my interest towards management. Professional experience has helped me fortify my conclusion that Management science is a major part of the industry and it plays a polar role. After completing my Engineering from Cochin University of Science Technology, Kochi; which is amongst the best institutes of technical education in India, I joined in as a Project Engineer in Wipro Technologies Ltd. To get a feel of corporate management and to know what it takes to become a successful manager before opting for a career in the field. My desire to know more of the big world of managers saw me carefully observing what makes the decisions of the managers, who manage the companies, more successful pragmatic. I realized that experience did play a major role in their success, but what was more important was that they came from recognized schools of business. Their decisions were based on simulated conditions in classroom discussions and on the basis of their peer’s experiences that were also shared in the class. This made my determination towards doing management stronger very soon, it became a passion and to this end, I have decided to apply to your University. At Wipro, I joined as a Software Testing Engineer and worked for Clients like Yell Group, The Convergys and my current assignment is with the British Telecom. While the first two projects dealt with SAP SD and HR module testing, my current project is a Telecom Domain Project. Apart from all the Technical stuff, I had the passion for learning the management skills from my Leads and Manager. I would note down the positive points of my senior leads and managers and even the ones where things could have been done better while they were handling the projects and the people involved. I had the passion for learning people skills from them. I had the opportunity to lead a small project with a group of five and with all my leanings I was able to make that project a successful one with appreciation mails pouring in from my clients and senior management of my company. I learnt a lot in my project while leading the group of 5. Although it was not so easy; I did my best to shoulder my responsibilities well. I had a passion for People Management, Human Resource Management and Keenly observing People behavior right from my early school days. I would get involved in organizing and volunteering various cultural activities in school, college and even in my society where I resided. I would love to meet people from different parts of the world and befriend them in no time and they would love to be in my company. At the back of my mind I always wanted to do something bigger, some thing with which I would have an impact on the whole world. I want to make a difference in the quality of Lives in the people across the globe and a positive difference to the organization I work with. I used to see people dissatisfied with their job, some had issues with their salary structure, a few had issues with the management then some one was dissatisfied with their work timings. This behavior of working people propelled me to have some experience at work and then only I would understand their problems in a much better way. For reaching to my dreams I needed to start with a globally with a well established organization and luckily I got selected in the campus interview at my college during my engineering. Working with Wipro Technologies for over 2 and a half years gave me a little insight into the corporate world ethics which went through various phases including the Recession Period when the market was on a low and it was tough to sustain your job. I keenly observed the behavior of employees and the management during recession. The results were not encouraging as the employee management relation was deteriorating day by day during this economically hit period. I want to make a difference to the organization I work with in y future even during the economic slowdown. I am passionate about all my dreams in making it true. However I do need help to shape myself to the best ever manager with which I could make differences to the quality of lives of the people and companies across the globe. Pursing a MSC in Human Resource Management and Business degree became inevitable for me as it was my path to future career so decided to do my Masters from Aston University which provides a quality education. The UK higher Education system combines the best elements of tradition and modernity. The quality of UK degree is one reason why I plan to come to The UK and study. Another is the value for money. Also the universities in UK provide internationally recognized qualifications of highest standard. The Business School at the Aston University is amongst the elite management schools. The quality of Post graduate taught programs is well recognized. The School provides MSc in Human Resource Management and Business program is designed to equip its graduates for careers in the global market. Apart from all these I am very passionate about sports and cultural activities. I am the core member of the sports committee of Wipro Technologies at Pune. Before this I had organized the Annual People Fiesta event at Wipro Tech, Hyderabad and won the People’s Champion award for the same. The activities included games like Basketball, Football, and cricket, Indoor games like Carom, Chess, Badminton, and Fun Games like Quizzing, Treasure Hunt, and Paper Game etc. I had actively participated in all of them; apart from this I was involved in Blood Donation Camp conducted by the Red Cross Society where I actively donated Blood as well. I had organized many Events at College level and won accolades for the same. My ardor for interacting with different people, learning them, their culture and making them friends, My deep urge to learn people skills and manage people at a large scale, to know them from their perspective and to run an organization where people love their company and to hear from them that they are jubilant to be part of my organization makes me a fitting candidate for your deemed program. I am confident that MSc in Human Resource Management and Business offered by Aston University would significantly impact my professional life and would fully equip me with comprehensive specialized rigorous professional training in all aspects of Human Resource management.

Role of the Midwife in Care Interventions

Role of the Midwife in Care Interventions Title: Discuss the following statement in relation to birth. Midwifery expertise is as much about knowing when not to interfere in the physiological process of pregnancy and birth as it is about recognising when and how to intervene in a way that will facilitate and enhance the womans ability to give birth. Essay Women have been giving birth throughout the ages. On the one hand this can be regarded as a normal physiological process which has evolved over the millennia to be a successful method of perpetuating the species and like most evolutionary honed processes, is likely to work well most of the time. On the other hand, as any experienced clinician knows well, any physiological process has the ability to malfunction. A large proportion of professional medical care in any field of medicine is to be able to recognise the normal variations and differentiate them from the abnormal. As a general rule it is only the abnormal that requires treatment or intervention. (Hunt T 1994) Hippocrates is reputed to have said that it is the first rule for a physician that â€Å"one should do no harm†. (Carrick P 2000). In a modern context, this often means â€Å"leave the normal alone† as the ability to produce iatrogenic complications is well known. (Halpern S D 2005) If we restrict ourselves to the consideration of the field of midwifery, the preceding statement can be well illustrated in the writings of Dr Ignaz Semmelweis who was horrified by the levels of puerperal fever that was killing nearly 40% of the pregnant women on his wards. (Semmelweis I P. 1861). Although he discovered the concept of asepsis from his observations, we note that on a simple level, the vast majority of the morbidity and mortality in this case was caused directly by the intervention of the healthcare professionals in what were otherwise normal pregnancies. On a matter of more immediate concern we can consider the issues relating to stress incontinence as being an excellent illustrative example of how midwives can elect to intervene during pregnancy and the birth process in order to facilitate not only the birth process but the whole area of potential morbidity surrounding maternity in general. Pregnancy itself is an independent variable risk factor for stress incontinence (Rortveit et al 2003). Although the midwife is not generally involved in the very early stages of pregnancy, there is good evidence that prenatal involvement in terms of preparation of the woman for the process of childbirth will reduce the incidence of stress incontinence post partum. (Reilly E T C et al. 2002). Instruction in the practice of antenatal pelvic floor exercises has been shown to reduce both the incidence and severity of pelvic floor damage during parturition (Salvesen et al. 2004) At the time of the delivery the midwife can make a number of interventions which will help to reduce the eventual morbidity including having the knowledge that a large birth weight baby is more likely to produce pelvic floor damage and will therefore be more likely to consider doing a prophylactic episiotomy to minimise the potential for pelvic floor damage. Equally, in the time prior to the actual delivery, her intervention to establish the lie and orientation of the baby will help to prevent malpresentations and the associated possibility of instrumentally assisted deliveries with the attendant possibility of resulting morbidity.(Norton C. 1996) Part of the acquisition of professional skill during training is to gain the knowledge which allows the ability not to intervene if the pregnancy and delivery are proceeding smoothly. Unnecessary intervention also has a more subtle downside in that it encourages dependence by the mother on the midwife. On an ethical dimension one can argue that this unnecessary dependence erodes the patient’s autonomy. (Coulter A. 2002). During pregnancy and birth, many women will find it all to easy to be subsumed by the medicalisation of the birth process. The professional midwife should be aware of this phenomenon and try to reduce its effect as far as possible. For many women, the midwife becomes the foremost trusted healthcare professional for the majority of her pregnancy and is the first point of contact with the medical establishment. The woman implicitly comes to trust the midwife’s professional status and believes that the midwife will do what is necessary but not what is unnecessary. The midwife’s professional status is therefore based ultimately on this premise, and a sound professional judgement based on a firm evidence base, is central to her abi lity to produce benefit when she decides that intervention is necessary. (Paine L L et al. 1999). An area where non-intervention is actively practiced is during the third stage of labour where the experienced midwife will observe and allow the fundus to contract rather than immediately intervene to deliver the placenta. There is a delicate line to be drawn between actively delivering the placenta too soon and thereby increasing the risk of uterine haemorrhage or uterine inversion, and not intervening at all and allowing the placenta to become entrapped in the contracting uterus with the implications of having to do a manual removal of the placenta possibly under a general anaesthetic. (Romero R et al. 1999). In conclusion we can consider that the role of the midwife is primarily to assist the pregnant woman through her pregnancy, her delivery and in the immediate post partum period. As we observed at the beginning of this essay, it is quite possible to intervene at virtually every stage of this process, but we would suggest that it is inherent within the role of the professional midwife that she should be able to draw a distinction between those occasions where intervention is mandatory, those when intervention is prudent and those occasions where it is perfectly appropriate to do nothing. References Carrick P (2000) Medical Ethics in the Ancient World. Georgetown University press 2000 ISBN: 0878408495 Coulter A. (2002) The autonomous patient. London : The Nuffield Trust, 2002. Halpern S D (2005) Towards evidence based bioethics. BMJ, Oct 2005 ; 331 : 901 903 Hunt T (1994) Ethical issues in Nursing. London : Routledge 1994 Norton C. (1996) Commissioning comprehensive continence services, Guidance for purchasers. London : Continence Foundation, 1996. Paine L L, J M Lang, D M Strobino, T R Johnson, J F DeJoseph, E R Declercq, D R Gagnon, A Scupholme and A Ross (1999) Characteristics of nurse-midwife patients and visits, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 89, Issue 6 906 909, Reilly E T C, Freeman R M, Waterfield M R, Waterfield A E, Steggles P, Pedlar F. (2002) Prevention of postpartum stress incontinence in primigravidae with increased bladder neck mobility: a randomised controlled trial of antenatal pelvic floor exercises. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2002 ;109 : 68 76. Romero R, Y C Hsu, A P Athanassiadis, Z Hagay, et al. (1999) Preterm delivery : a risk factor for retained placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1999 Rortveit G, Daltveit A K, Hannestad Y S, Hunskaar S. (2003) Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or cesarean section. N Engl J Med 2003 ; 348 : 900 – 907. Ryan G L , Quinn T J ,. Syrop C H , Hansen W F, (2002) Placenta Accreta Postpartum Obstetrics Gynecology 2002 ; 100 : 1069 1072 Salvesen, Kjell, Mà ¸rkved, Siv (2004) Randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy. BMJ Volume 329 (7462)14 August 2004pp 378 380 Semmelweis IP. (1861) Die aetiologie, der begriff und die prophylaxis des kindbettfiebers. Pest, Wien und Leipzig : CA Hartlebens Verlags-Expedition 1861.

Absurdism In The Stranger And Metamorphosis English Literature Essay

Absurdism In The Stranger And Metamorphosis English Literature Essay The theme of absurdism used by Franz Kafka and Albert Camus does full justice to bring out the pathos in both The Outsider and The Metamorphosis by Albert Camus and Franz Kafka. They establish the unsettling existence of the both the protagonists. The present situation of the narrators brings to life incidents that justify their unpleasant situations and what they are going through in their respective lives. Where existentialism questions mans existence in a particular social system; absurdist investigates characters that are placed in society that is devoid of God and how syllogism and parody loom large over the entire situation. Hence The Outsider and Metamorphoses have existentialism and absurdism as the philosophical tools that take these stories ahead. Camus concretizes an absurdly dramatic story of a man who has no emotions in him evidently in the opening lines Mother died today. Or maybe yesterday, I dont know. I had a telegram from the home: Mother passed away. Funeral tomorrow. Yours sincerely. That doesnt mean anything. It may have been yesterday. He- does not even feel obliged to justify his reason behind such odd and discourteous avoiding of any emotional involvement. Speaking briefly with the director of the home, Mersault tells him that he did not feel any guilt at having sent his mother away. He even declines an invitation to view the body, but keeps vigil with it overnight, in accordance with the custom. When asked by the undertaker how old his mother was, he replies Fairly, for in truth he doesnt know her exact age. His going for a swim with a woman of his acquaintance at an inopportune time proves once again futility of his life. As an embodiment of absurdism, Mersault doesnt see any need to fulfill or dispel the discomfort from the minds of the people as his nature was very offending to other people. He seemed completely inhuman, and never believed it was important to live up to the expectations of others and follow etiquette. According to me, every human being goes through the kind of unpleasant and embarrassing situations Mersault and Gregor face but it principally depends on how a writer decides to detail and sketch these characters. There is a funeral procession, in the heat of the day, across the parched, sun-drenched landscape, and once again, Mersault is disturbed by the light, the sun, and the heat, and feels unable to concentrate. This uncanny effect to the point of blinding ones vision evinces unjustifiable discomfort Mersault exudes towards the society. The Outsider is set in Algiers, where our protagonist Mersault, who was a bachelor, is leading a life that questions his existence. He does not show any interest in his job and does not believe in socializing with other people around him. As the story goes ahead, the reader gets to see the quirkiness of Mersault towards the world with conflicting emotions that make him commit a deadly crime. This marked nature of Mersault is brought out in the narrative in many incidents in the book; one of them being in chapter four where he is not at all concerned about Raymond torturing his wife. He responds matter of factlyAt about 3 in the morning there was a knock on my door and Raymond came in. I didnt get up. I sat at the edge of my bed. He didnt say anything for a minute and I asked him how it had gone. He told me that he had done what he wanted to do but shed slapped him and so hed beaten her up. Id seen the rest. I told him I thought that this time shed really been punished and he ought to be pleased. Mersaults brusque attitude towards other people around him reckons him as an outcast. I feel that the writers philosophical stance is unique, as he puts immense emphasis on the belief of absurdism and we need to understand what absurdism is ? Absurdist fiction is the manifestation of certain beliefs that dominated the works of a number of playwrights during the middle of the 19th century. This form of fiction implies that in a world that is devoid of God, the existence of human being shall have no strong foundation, it would be meaningless. The absurd elements in such plays and fiction were the fact that man has been thrust into a world where he cannot survive on his own instincts but is maneuvered by a force invisible to him. He is caught up in paradoxical situations and finds no reprieve by communicating or logical action. His actions and dialogues turn out to be a mockery of his own existence. The best part about the narrative is that it does not preach with a message but at the same time does tend to ask us some important questions about humans and their social existence. The narrative is kept simple but is compelling nevertheless. Therefore, the work is a reflection of Camuss moral axiom. Like Camus, Kafka too was existentialist and adapted to an absurdist way in carrying the narrative of his stories ahead as traces of his style are evident in his letter to Max Brod. In Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis, the absurdist and existentialist elements form the main parts of Kafkas narrative. The story begins with the line When Gregor Samsa awoke from troubled dreams one morning; he found that he had been transformed in his bed into an enormous bug. After realizing that his life would never be the same again Gregor starts realizing certain truths about his existence which had not come to his realization before. He starts to reflect on his own being. Till the day before he had been a hardworking salesman who looked after his family but now he cannot continue the same life anymore. Now after Gregors transformation his parents and sister realize that they shall now have to look after Gregor and start making a living of their own. This leads Gregor into a state of depression which he can only observe but cannot do anything about it. His family is robbed of happiness and normalcy and though they are trying their best to cope with it, their disparity is clearly evident in these lines of the second chapter- Now his sister working with her mother had to do the cooking too; of course that did not cause her much trouble since they hardly ate anything. Gregor was always hearing one of them pleading in vain with one of the others to eat and getting no answer except thanks, Ive had enough or something similar. They all knew the unpleasantness they had to confront but none of them had an answer to it. I think that both the stories are existentialist and absurd in their narratives, and they both create a long lasting impact on readers and create a serious sense of debate about human existence and the acceptance of social rules. The Outsider is a well juxtaposed prose of absurdism and existentialism. Mersault is a social outcast and his further actions only make him an object of ridicule in his own society. One cannot see any kind of redemption for Mersault in his predicament; he is doomed and destined for a fatal end. The parts of the story where Mersault is wallowing in self doubt are existentialist in theme and the parts where he is unsuccessfully trying to find out the answers that can legitimize his actions are absurdist. Kafkas Metamorphoses sees Gregor going through an amalgamation of emotional, physical and mental dilemmas. His physical transformation into a vermin is the main culprit. This transformation creates an emotional and mental mayhem in him. It can be said about Gr egor that he has the answers but is in search of the questions. So, the Metamorphoses begins in an existentialist way but ends with an absurdist plot.

Race-Based Traffic Stops in the US Essay -- racial profiling, police st

Imagine driving home, on a pleasant evening, after a tedious day at work. Just as you are about to arrive to your neighborhood, you notice blue and red flashing lights and pull over. It seems the police officer has no reason for stopping you, except to search your vehicle because of your suspiciously perceived skin tone. This unnecessary traffic stop, designed for people of colored skin, happens on numerous occasions and has been termed Driving While Black or Brown. Racial profiling is the act of using race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed a crime. Race-based traffic stops are dangerous for people of color, since they can happen anytime; various African Americans and Latinos modify their driving habits in uncommon ways. For example, some completely avoid predominately white suburbs, in fear of police involvements for looking out of place. Some intentionally drive ordinary vehicles or change his or her dressing style, and others who drive long distances even factor in extra time for the inescapable traffic stops (Harris). â€Å"From 2005 to mid-2008, approximately eighty percent of total stops made were of Blacks and Latinos, who comprise twenty-five percent and twenty-eight percent of New York City’s total population, respectively. During this same time period, only about ten percent of stops were of Whites, who comprise forty-four percent of the city’s population† (â€Å"Restoring a National Consensus†). Ray Kelly, appointed Police Commissioner by Mayor Michael Bloomberg, of New York in 2013, has not only accepted stop-and-frisk, a program that allows law enforcers to stop individuals and search them, but has multiplied its use. Kelly argued that New Yorkers of color, who have been unevenly targeted un... ...inspired action at the state and local level. The ACLU calls on legislators in every state to pass laws that will allow the practice of traffic enforcement to be statistically monitored continuously. Fourth, the Justice Department should ban racial profiling in all federally funded drug interdiction programs. Fifth, the fifty largest cities in the United States should voluntarily collect traffic stop data (â€Å"Restoring a National Consensus†). Earl G. Graves said, â€Å"Fifty years after Dr. Martin Luther King expressed his dream that African Americans would someday be judged not by the color of our skin but by the content of our character, the line between the suspect is a black male and black males are suspect remains dangerously thin.† Our nation needs to follow the five-step plan outlined by ACLU to allow our members of society safety and equal rights for one another.

I Think Im Pretty Sure I Remember What You Did Last Summer :: English Literature Essays

I Think I'm Pretty Sure I Remember What You Did Last Summer After we ran over that old lady in Diego’s car, well things haven’t been the same. I still have nightmares of her chasing me with that handbag. I told them to go to the police but Diego didn’t want to be put up for manslaughter. I can’t get the image out of my mind. I knew we shouldn’t have dumped her body in the Port River. If Luke weren’t so pissed that night he wouldn’t have distracted Diego. Ben’s not the same anymore, he keeps on having these mental fits. I feel sorry for his parents, I mean the old lady even killed Michael for gods sake! Alastair’s been acting really weird too. Every time he sees an old lady he goes absolutely crazy. Anyway a good thing happened the other day, it was a far cry from all those murders that old bitch committed, she should be dead I mean I shot her in the head five times before pushing her in front of that semi-trailer. Anyway, the good thing is a radio station rang up and said that I’d won a trip to Kangaroo Island and that I could take five mates along. So let me see†¦I took Alastair, Ben, Diego, Luke and Jason. We all went in Diego’s car. Alastair sat up front, Ben, Luke and I were in the back and we tied Jason to the roof racks with the entire luggage and Adam wanted to come so he ran behind us. We deliberately took the long way. When we arrived it was fantastic, I reckon it was a five star shack. Adam died of a heart attack when we got there so we burnt his body and pissed on his ashes, you know†¦to make sure he didn’t come back to life and kill us all. Anyway we met the bloke who owned the shack, his name was Bill Oldladison and he was a pretty nice guy. He let us borrow his fishing gear and all. That night Luke decided to raise the alcohol level in his blood so he reached into his bag of booze and sucked on a bottle of Jim Beam. Alastair got hungry and asked Diego to go to the local pizza bar and get two party size pizza’s but Diego didn’t want to go because he was waiting for some soccer show about Boca Juniors to start on SBS so he gave the keys to Luke.

Dysfunction in a World of Order Essay -- Character Analysis, Private W

Carson McCullers â€Å"Reflections of a Golden Eye† is a story about the lives of a six dysfunctional people living on an army post during peacetime. The characters lives are entwined both public and private, but when the private becomes public it reveals a truth that leads to path of destruction. Private Williams is a solitary man full of secrets and desires. Captain Weldon Penderton, a closeted homosexual, and his cheating wife Lenora have a fiery relationship. Major Morris Langdon, who is having and affair with Lenora, lives next door to the Pendertons with his unstable wife Alison and their flamboyant Filipino houseboy Anacleto. McCuller’s writes about these characters as if she can identify with each of their struggles to conform to world around them. She pulls the reader into a world where â€Å"man’s capacity for error, cruelty, guilt, self deception and self- destruction† creates chaos (Dayton 421). McCullers shows the reader a hars h view of low-self esteem and desires while conveying the importance of being true to oneself in order to foster healthy relationships. Many People, who are raised in an environment that do not include interacting with different types of people, often struggle with building relationships with people they don’t know. Private Williams has no social skills; he is an introvert who lives his life in self-imposed isolation even though people on the army post surround him. Williams is much like Mr. Singer’s character in the â€Å"Heart is a Lonely Hunter† for though â€Å"he appears to be fully and actively engaged in life, he too is trapped in his own grotesquerie, unable to establish that vital contact with some other person which would make him fully and recognizable human† (Vickery 21). ... ...eldon. If fact, their selfish affair has had a direct or indirect negative impact on everyone in the story. Lenora and Morris cannot see beyond their primal passions to realize or care about the cause and effect of their infidelity. This is the case of many people who venture outside of the martial commitment. Instant gratification and the lack of control have ruined many marriages. Lenora and Morris’s affair causes tragedies for the rest of the clan. In Conclusion, McCullers story is about six people struggles to conform to a world around them. She shows a world where â€Å"man’s capacity for error, cruelty, guilt, self deception and self- destruction† creates chaos (Dayton 421). McCullers shows the reader a harsh view of low-self esteem and desires while conveying the importance of being true to oneself in order to foster healthy relationships.

Agrana Essay

The Austria-based company, Agrana was founded in 1988 with operations consisting of the production of sugar and starch. While relatively small, the company only operated two starch factories and three sugar factories. As the years passed, the company has also focused on the production of fruit preparation, fruit juice concentrate, and ethanol. The new business strategy has enabled the company to not only grow, but expand across multinational borders while increasing the number of buyers to whom they supply their goods and services to. In this paper, an analysis on Agrana’s emergence will be discussed from an industry-, resource-, and institutional-based view. The challenges in which AGRANA might face as it continues its expansion into other regions, such as East Asia will also be a topic of discussion. Since Agrana’s beginning, the industry has been quite challenging and competitive. Prior to European integration in 1989, the company had to operate on small economies of scale. Many markets in other countries were not open to outsiders, therefore limiting the scope of customers to only local buyers. When applying Porter’s Five Forces Framework, the industry consisted of fierce rivalry from larger competitors, threat of substitution, little to no differentiation which increased the threat of potential entrants, high bargaining power of its buyers, and low bargaining power from suppliers. However, with the integrations of the European Union (EU) and the Central and Eastern European (CEE) in 1989, Agrana was able to compete with larger rivals and expand to markets in other countries. The regional and global integration allowed Agrana to aggressively expand its foreign direct investment (FDI) throughout CEE (Peng, p. 82). This move increased their economies of scale. With their new profound strategy, the company was able to improve the quality of its products as they pursued and formed partnerships with larger buyers like Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Nestle, and Danone. As they have continued to grow, Agrana added to their production by focusing on fruit processing and through the acquisitions of other companies. The growth of Agrana is quite impressive as you consider how small the company was, their limitations, and how little they had in order to compete with their rivals. Despite these disadvantages, Agrana capitalized on its resources and capabilities through the improved manufacturing of high-grade products at competitive prices and by a strategy that promotes expansion. Prior to their emergence, the company had little value in its resources, no rarity in its industry, wide-spread imitability and no competitive advantage. The VRIO Framework for Agrana was in need of help. Through restructuring, and increased profits, Agrana diversified by adding a fruit processing division. With fruit being a complementary good to sugar and starch, this move fell in line with the business strategy and production already established. To further their diversification, the company turned to acquisitions of companies in the fruit industry. Between 2003 and 2007, the company acquired Denmark’s Vall Saft Group (fruit juice concentrate), Austria’s Steirerobst (fruit preparation and fruit juice concentrates), Belgium’s Dirafrost (fruit concentrate) Germany’s Wink Group (fruit juice concentrate), and acquired a 50% stake in a joint venture with Xianyang Andre Juice Co. Ltd (fruit juice concentrate) [p. 384-385]. The numerous acquisitions have not only added to its growth but its value as well as the company had gained access to numerous markets in various countries. The competitive advantage of Agrana is a result of the value added by its acquisitions and their integration, market knowledge, global growth, and their means of finding new ways to develop other products such as biofuel. An institution-based view is a perspective that argues that in addition to industry- and firm-level conditions, firms also need to take into account wider influences from sources such as the state and society when crafting strategy (p. 3). This includes formal and informal institutions surrounding laws, regulations, cultures and ethics. Early in Agrana’s existence, much of its challenges were a result of the restrictions placed on Western European companies to enter CEE markets and the EU. The opening of the CEE markets, in 1989, presented new opportunities for Agrana and others to expand regionally and i nternationally. FDI proved to be effective in CEE countries as it lead to be increased profits, production and growth. As stated earlier, Agrana was able to produce goods for major companies; allowing them to better cater to the expanding needs of its corporate buyers (p. 382). As the company reduced its challenges, the EU encouraged the company to diversify its operations in order to grow. Though the EU imposed challenges for Agrana prior to its integration, many of the CEE countries have become members which have helped the company increase its opportunities. However, with a strong EU presence in sugar reforms, regulating prices, and tariffs on imports and exports, Agrana has encountered new challenges and looks for new opportunities. Currently, Agrana has a huge presence in most European countries as well as plants in Mexico, China, South Korea, and China. Though China and South Korea are countries of East Asia, further expansion into other regions may present challenges surrounding culture. A presence in North Korea is far from foreseeable and while business in the CEE is similar to Vienna, Austria, the culture in East Asia are hugely different. There will also be challenges when you consider how Agrana plans to duplicate its European working environment in countries where employees and management operate on more of a hierarchical management style that stems of culture and tradition. More importantly, the biggest challenges that Agrana will face will be linked to the laws and regulations of the local government. Each country has different laws and regulations regarding imports/exports, employee relations, production, working conditions and acquisitions. Agrana will also face challenges in competition presented by local companies operating in similar industries. Agrana’s rise to dominance starting a small company is similar to the story of Google, Inc. With strict limitations and an overwhelmingly grounded industry, the company chose to remain and capitalize on the opportunities presented. Through FDI, restructure, innovation and expansion; Agrana has gained a competitive advantage in its industry. Their business strategy of this company is one to marvel over and imitate.

Human Resource Management Policies and Practices That Can Support Business Strategies and Contribute to Improved Performance of the Organization

HUMAN RESOURCE mete out POLICIES AND PRACTICES THAT CAN SUPPORT BUSINESS STRATEGIES AND conduct TO IMPROVED PERFORMANCE OF THE ORGANIZATION lively BY ROLAND GBENGA STUDENT NUMBER 0075DSDS1011 maitre dhotel OF BUSINESS ADMINITRATION CARDIFF METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY MARKETING steering DR. GEORGE KOSHY 6TH DECEMBER, 2011 plug-in of Contents Table of Figures4 1. 0. INTRODUCTION4 2. 0. LITERATURE REVIEW6 2. 1. enlisting and excerption (Toyota)6 2. 2. dressing and professed(prenominal) Development (capital of capital of Singapore rate edges)15 2. 3. feat centering (Quantum)18 2. 4. Employee Benefits and realiseings ExxonMobil19 2. 4. 1. Salary & honorarium20 2. 4. 2. special Benefits21 3. 0. recommendation AND CONCLUSION21 Bibliography23 Table of Figures Figure 1 enlisting and Selection subprogram7 Figure 2 byplay Analysis Model9 Figure 3 Toyota Sales issue 201012 Figure 4 Toyota Recruitment Process for Graduate13 Figure 5 Toyota Recruitment Process for Graduate14Figure 6 Singapore credit lineline Organizational Hierarchy16 Figure 7 Performance steering Model18 Figure 8 Performance Management Process19 Figure 9 Benefits and Compensation Model20 1. 0. INTRODUCTION Gil more(prenominal) & Williams (2009) said spate be the most valuable summation, it is a cliche resounds over and at hotshot time more in the heart of the compassionate pickfulness de go againstment of an governing. The height of completion in recent historic period does non chair room for simple executive familiarplace of practices (Agawarwala, 2003) .Different companies inculcates diametrical range of gay imagery practices and policies because whatsoever of them mesh certain interlocking practices which has become their attributes and argon have it offn to be the root of their chance uponment done the elan the association manage people (Pfeffer, 1996) . The religious policies imbibed by backupes provides them with the techniques to manage pitying muck le error or risk by keeping up to date with trending things fortuity in appointment standards and essential legislation. line of products Management Study GuideThis research take to the woods seeks to project different companies who ache achieved advantage done certain characterized gentle choice practices, a broad overview and a comprehensive abstract into the functions performed by the selected companies as regards maintaining a warlike advantage through concent appraised human resource activities. There is difficulty in identifying a society who does alone the human resource practices correctly (Pfeffer, 1996) , just in that respect be rough companies who take for been free burning over the old age and atomic number 18 p tot wholeyiate able to maintain their take a leak force and too keep them contented and make.Organization success and mental attend ar popularly measured assessed by the out typeface of the financial bring upment the body structure behind the governing body argon pretermit mean compo sit aroundion it is the one of the most pregnant aspect of an judicature and its harnesses to optimum execution of instrument. We except the percentages of human being choices and the various practices tramp into maneuver in the boldnesss success. It is as simple as to say that consumers as happy because in that location atomic number 18 happy employees who take c be of their needs for the friendship.Why argon rough employees happy with and are ready to stick with the plaque while in that respect are some who wishes for a quick change. The answer to the call into question above is far fetched but arouse be streamlined some memorial tablet knows how to take good care of their rounds by creating an enabling and conducive environment them thereby retaining their identity, know-how loyalty while they continue to gravel and prove their selves with time. This paper seeks to explore different establishment and he ir Human resource practices and how it has helped them to in the establishment of a motivated and postgraduately satisfied workforce which has been a contributor to their exertion and their sustainability. It is believed that some caller-outs strategies and or practices are their loudness because the ability to attract, manage and retain extended knowledge and cognizes are in their high hat practices. * Performance Management * involution earnest * High wages * Incentive consecrate * Employee Ownership * Information Sharing * enfolding and Empowerment * Selectivity in Recruiting * Participation Employment Information Sharing * Wage crunch 2. 0. LITERATURE REVIEW 3. 1. Recruitment and Selection (Toyota) ( recruitment. toyotauk. com, 2011) Hiring the go around people is paramount to the success of any organization more so is the ability to retain a high look workforce if there is a va faecest position in an organization there should not be panic because it provides the organization with the opportunity to examine the position, raise the description and determine the qualifications. (hr. uoregon. edu, 2010) Recruitment is the forward step in the selection method acting in an organization.Read withal go bad the Ways in Which British gallant PoliciesIt is seen as an activity directed to earn suitable workforces whose qualifications and skills match roles of the pertinent posts in the Organization. While it is defined also as the outgrowth of identifying that the organization needs to employ someone up to the point at which exercise forms for the past fool arrived at the organization ( ancestrycasestudies. co. uk, 2010) . The success of a caper is subjected to the skills and competencies of its workforce (Gilmore & Williams, 2009) , it does not stop once it commences, and it gives the rganization the opportunity to pick from a pool of qualified trampdidates. Among the purpose of recruit to an organization, it ensures a decrease in an organization and individual(a) effectiveness it even aligns the selection rate by limiting the number of evidently over qualified otherwise down the stairs qualified applicants. (Bliss, 2012) Figure 1 Recruitment and Selection Process (lyonsshers. com, 2012) Man military unit Planning The blueprintning of staff of an organization need that the present and future daytime maculation of the organization be assessed and compared to the present and the future seeed resources.Proper steps would then be put in place so as to bring the demand and supply in equality. Hence the counterbalance step is doing a review of the safe and sound existing workforce and their profile which include the total number, gender, age, sex, obtain, flexibility, apprehend capabilities and characters of the existing staff of the organization and plans are made ahead for like a period of like 3, 5, 10 years as the case may be taken into partingation standard staff turnover, retirements and planned staff movements along with familiarity plans for the same time frame. accel-team. com, 2012 ) The Human pick manager is faced with the obligation to stock-take and modify other mangers crude predictions in accordance with the organizational need and forecast along with the organizations future demands as regards workforce.Below are the scenarios the Human imagery Manager moldiness take into consideration, forecast of sale and turnout the effects of technological change on task needs, variations in the efficiency, productivity, flexibility of cut into as a import of discipline, work study, organizational change, natural motivations changes in employment practices ( for instance Toyota outsourced the recruitment and selection to Kentucky discussion section of Employment in 2007) differences, which respond to bracing legislation, for instance the breakroll taxes, safety requirements and forward-looking health the changes in Government policies ( enthronisation inc entives, regional or trade grants, etc. ) task Analysis chew over psychoanalysis is concerned with the formal process of determining the characteristics and what a mull entails and the particular qualities or attributes required to perform the job. (Gilmore & Williams, 2009) Job analysis is the capital tool in human resource management (www. managementstudyguide. com, 2012) it is also defined as the procedure required to obtain culture regarding the responsibilities, duties, terminations, essential skills, and the functional environment of that particular(a) job.The human resource manager requires a lot of data to gather up job description which is the eventual result of job analysis. (Dessler, 2012) Figure 2 Job Analysis Model (www. managementstudyguide. com, 2012) Job definition Job description is establish on information gathered from job analysis it is a list that can be employ for commonplace tasks, or functions, and responsibilities of a position. Sometimes it includes to whom the position pass overs, judicial admissions much(prenominal) as the qualifications or skills needed by the mortal in the job, or a net income range it helps employees understand their responsibilities Job motive It is also known as employee specification (www. managementstudyguide. com, 2012) .It is further explained to be a clear stated level of experience, educational qualifications, specific qualities, techniques, communication skills, physical and emotional state needed to perform the job, another obligation involved in executing the job and other uncommon demands. They comprise of ecumenic health, intelligence aptitude, memory, leadership skills adaptability skills mental health, manner, creative thinking ethics and values and legion(predicate) more as the case may be. opposite processes are as follows Sources of Selection announce Short listing Interview wellness Examination Induction (Murthy, 2010) E very(prenominal) ac companionship ha s their well-defined employment and recruitment policies and hiring procedures among which gives them a warring edge while peeping for quality skills.Toyota travel companion is far-famed for their recruitment process, and prevalently its management philosophy. macrocosm the largest car manu itemurer (www. theweek. co. uk, 2011) the beau monde exchange 8. 42 million vehicles in 2010 has a total employee of 300,734 all over the world. The success the Toyota Motor Corporation can also be attributed to their recruitment and selection syllabus which is designed to fetch the scoop out people. The Toyota recruitment and selection procedure helps to illustrate how the process itself can interpret into better operation for the strong organization. Toyota Motor Corporation is look for for foremost interpersonal skills, due to the associations importance on the fundamental interaction of the team.In addition the come withs whole process is to advance job processes through emp loyee dedication to quality, and reasoning and puzzle answer skills are also bouncy manpower requirements. (Piatkowski, 2004) notwithstandingmore since quality is the Toyota Companys central value and so it is also seeking a history of quality commitment to the people it employs. The Toyota production system is based on consensus flexible race path decision fashioning and Job rotation. (recruitment. toyotauk. com, 2011) Figure 3 Toyota Sales Result 2010 (www2. toyota. co. jp, 2011) Figure 4 Toyota Recruitment Process for Graduate (recruitment. toyotauk. com, 2011) Figure 5 Toyota Recruitment Process for Graduate Table 1 Toyota Selection Process mannequins Objective Conducted degree IApplication/Orientation The phase includes filling of application forms and a 1 hour tv qualify showing the selection system process and Toyota work environment To familiarized potential difference employees about the troupe while order of battle information about work ex perience and skills Kentucky Department of Employment run shape IITechnical Skills Assessment Paper and Pencil mental test General knowledge assessment (2hrs)Tool and break out customary assessment (6hrs) To test general Knowledge and potentials Kentucky Department of Employment Services Phase IIIInterpersonal Skills Assessment Individual problem solving ability test (4hrs)Production fable simulation (5hrs) Assess decision making and interpersonal skills HR Toyota Motor Manufacturing Phase IV Toyota Assessment A general Interview and evaluation (1hr) Discussion of achievements and accomplishments HR Toyota Motor Manufacturing Phase VHealth Assessment carnal test and drug or alcohol test (2. 5hrs) To ascertain the physical condition Scot County and General Hospital & HR Toyota Motor Manufacturing Phase VIOn-the-Job observation Guidance and t from each one(prenominal) on the job after macrocosm employed Assessment of Job capital punishment and discipline skills HR Toyota Motor Manufacturing 3. 2. Training and Professional Development (Singapore air hoses) Organizations see study and sustainment and as a vital human resources activity as they consider it as a motivator for employees to do their job better and consequently posts to their move development.Improvement of an employees capabilities plus their professional development as well as the organizations is part of the purposes of training and development Types of training air travel remains a large and outgrowth application. It facilitates economic growth, world trade, international investment and tourism and is then central to the sphericization taking place in many other industries (syl. com, 2006). In the past decades Air travel has grown by 7% per year, travel for both business and waste purposes grew strongly worldwide the large aircraft such as the Boeing 747 (Boeing , 2012 ) made it convenient and cheap for people to travel further to new and exotic destinations.Th e air duct industry in Asia Pacific Region is highly warlike and price wars are a common occurrence. (Chan, 2000) There is constant fighting for land and expansion which has led to the unification of Air Asia and Malaysian flight path, a merger which was fronted based on being a major(ip) player in the industry along with Qatar Airline, Emirate Airline and more who capture turn on lowering their bes and modify swear out to customers thereby posing as a strong competitor. However Singapore Airline has risen to the challenges and are therefore one of the biggest players in the airline industries by going extra miles in their strategies and they are canonically the trend setter of the airline industry.SIA has employed many innovative strategies since it began. These strategies have been supported and strengthen over the years, and have led to the success, the smart set enjoys today. To be in(predicate) in the airline industry you have to employ superior efficiency, qualit y, innovation and customer responsiveness. Figure 6 Singapore Airline Organizational Hierarchy (singaporeair. com, 2012 ) Human resourcefulness Management in Singapore Airline inculcated a system that helps their worker achieve the best they can be, the culture of the company ensures that their employees have full opportunity of extensive learning and development which enhances their personal and professional development.Joining the company gives the employees to be open to experience a full experience ranging the normal orientation programs, visiting of the company sites and attachments so they can exposure to the company and the industry as well, further also the company would embark on leadership and general management programs on the average each employee receives eleven days of training each year. Some employees may be depute to a mentor in their first year who might be their line manager who plays the role in imitating training relating to job skills, a system in place to help the employees adapt to the on the job(p) life and adjust to the Companys culture.The company is committed to helping its employees develop into true airline professionals. The company extend in the business due to the different nature of the business require a different scope for development. SIA involves its employees in job rotation schemes which ensure that employees perform their duties in their field of specialization or across functional areas. It is so planned that end-to-end the public life stages and advancement employees will have to interact with his/her colleagues as well as senior management staffs across the whole organization and globally, through involvement in the committees and task forces. Even opportunities for overseas duties are available to Employees of Singapore Airline.Employees after work for a period of experience years can apply to join the companys Overseas Manager Scheme. This is a good career development as they have the opportunity to beco me one of the Airlines General Managers oversees. Such manager would be in charge of the companys overseas business recreate which ranges from gross sales and marketing, Human Resource, finance, management and government relations. As a graduate entry at Singapore Airline would start from the junior management level but can rise to the senior management positions such as vice-presidents and above with experiences, training, exposures, and stellar performance as they case may be. (singaporeair. com, 2012 ) 3. 3. Performance Management (Quantum)Figure 7 Performance Management Model (hr. cornell. edu, 2012 ) Performance Management, according to Dessler, (2012) is a continuous process of identifying, measuring, and developing the performance of individuals and teams and aligning their performance with organizational goals some schools of thought still refers to performance management as performance appraisal while some say it is just a branch of performance management that deal s with come back for performance (Dessler, 2012). Quantum Corporation manufactures and renders services of recovery, and schedule solutions for customers ranging from small businesses to multinational enterprises (investing. businessweek. om, 2012) it came into computing business as a supplier of computer vexedware to manufacturers and end users in 1980. The activities below are the regular practices of Quantum Corporation that seemly estimate they are practicing performance management. * Maintaining a result Focus * Decision Making with the best interest of the Company in opinion * Working together Collaboratively * Finding problem Troubleshooting and fixing them * Setting high standards * cosmos open, honest and direct * Staying flexible and elastic * Taking initiative for ones own development * Resolving issues in an objective manner Figure 8 Performance Management Process (Office of violence Management, 1999) 3. 4.Employee Benefits and Compensation ExxonMobil ExxonMo bil a multinational rock oil and gas association was formed from the 1999 merger Exxon and Mobil, the corp was rated as one of the largest publicly traded company by market capitalization. In 2011 the company recorded a revenue of 354,674,000 and a sale of 30,460,000 (money. cnn. com, 2011) and recently ExxonMobil was rated by Forbes as the number 1 largest company among 200 (DeCarlo, 2012) . The amount of employee in the company is 102,700 (CNN, 2010) happened to be the second after Wal-Mart. The Human Resource Department of ExxonMobil places high tension on the benefit and compensation of its employees.It stresses the fact that that to occlusion at the top the corporation has to attract retain and develop the best man power that would meet their business needs, hence the strategy the company is to stay aloof in their HRM activities is the attractive and competitive compensation and benefits. Figure 9 Benefits and Compensation Model (trueinfos. com, 2012 ) ExxonMobil is aware of the effect of honor is, in terms of remuneration and benefits which they are tending(p) to employees for their intelligence, passion and ingenuity in performing their duties to the company. The company feels there should be satisfying balance in what the employees seeks in their career and personal pursuits while foreign work hence the company provided inevitable resources that would meet their various needs. At ExxonMobil there is this believe that employees should be properly rewarded because of their hard work. 3. 5. 1. Salary CompensationA very competitive salary (including 13th fourteenth month) regular salary for staffs are salaried with concrete research into salaries paying(a) by other competing companies in their various positions all over and a benchmark is set. Further in that extra months pay to workers. A Pension Savings Plan The Company contributes to the pension saving plan of each employee which would be added to the government pension payout. change whollyowance Every mileage used from home to work every(prenominal) day are reimbursed by the company. Even on business trips, travel cost are burn by the company no matter the time duration. 3. 5. 2. Additional Benefits ExxonMobil adds some tokens as benefits on top of the interest and their competitive salaries paid to their employees.They range from savings plan, pension plan, medical plan, dental and vision plans, disability plan, life insurance plan and other computer programs such as vacation, global fit discount program, product discount, flexible work arrangements and leaves of absence Medical reportage (for you and your dependents) this is an insurance plan in place for medical cost not provided for the employees basic policy (BE) or medical cost contribution. Accident Disability indemnity Insurance plan in place for employee chance both during worry and outside work area, industrial accident insurance guard Product discounts Rebates of 10% (excluding ta xes) given remove to employees for using Esso Card, rebates on heat up oil, and many more Savings Plan- ExxonMobil employees are provided with a saving scheme where they contribute a certain percentage of their pay and receive the return even with interest.Disability Plan- the programme is in place for employees who are take from work for both short-term and long due to illness or injuries that happened on or off the job. Dental and imagination Plans dental services and vision service are done for both safety and corrective ones. The cost of incurred would be dual-lane between the company and staff. Employees are in line for this programme once you start working with ExxonMobil. Pre- Tax Spending Plan All the staff of the company that participated in the dental and a vision plans are all involved in pre-tax spending plan. Holidays ExxonMobil pays for 8 designated holidays and each employee is eligible to go for 2 paid ones. Scheduling of holidaying varies for company paid for some locations.Global Fit Discount programme the scheme paves way for the company employees and retiree and their families to join top rated health social club at a discount rate. 3. 0. RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION A careful look at the companies best practices and policies in human resource management as discussed in the previous section, it is observed that there are many practices and policies a company can decide to use to strengthen the organization with its success only depends on their contribution to organizational performance. It has assumed that one of these practices is the fillet of sole contributor to organization performance however all the functions of human resource cannot be neglected considering their roles collectively as no(prenominal) of the practices can even function without the other.The competitiveness and success of an organization can not only be determined by human resource activities, the fact cannot be ignored that without human effort an org anization can function but so far the companies have been singled out as prosperous through their revenue, sales, market share and market growth. ExxonMobil is an oil and gas company and they happen to be the number largest company dues because of their revenue. My 3 years experience has given an idea in which human resource practice that has proven to be successful it is evident in success of Quantum corporation even ExxonMobil. 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